The fountainless

27 May 400BC2 min read

Chapter 4

The Dao is (like) the emptiness of a vessel; and in our employment of it we must be on our guard against all fulness. How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honoured Ancestor of all things! We should blunt our sharp points, and unravel the complications of things; we should attemper our brightness, and bring ourselves into agreement with the obscurity of others. How pure and still the Dao is, as if it would ever so continue! I do not know whose son it is. It might appear to have been before God.

第四章

道冲①,而用之有弗盈也②。渊呵③!似万物之宗④。锉其兑⑤,解其纷⑥,和其光⑦,同其尘⑧。湛呵⑨!似或存⑩。吾不知其谁之子,象帝之先⑾。

译文

大“道”空虚开形,但它的作用又是无穷无尽。深远啊!它好象万物的祖宗。消磨它的锋锐,消除它的纷扰,调和它的光辉,混同于尘垢。隐没不见啊,又好象实际存在。我不知道它是谁的后代,似乎是天帝的祖先。

注释

①冲:通盅(chong),器物虚空,比喻空虚。

②有弗盈:有,通又。盈:满,引申为尽。

③渊:深远。呵(a):语助词,表示停顿。

④宗:祖宗,祖先。

⑤锉其兑:锉(cuo):消磨,折去。兑(rui):通锐,锐利、锋利。锉其锐:消磨掉它的锐气。

⑥解其纷:消解掉它的纠纷。

⑦和其光:调和隐蔽它的光芒。

⑧同其尘:把自己混同于尘俗。以上四个“其”字,都是说的道本身的属性。

⑨湛(zhan):沉没,引申为隐约的意思。段玉裁在《说文解字注》中说,古书中“浮沉”的“沉”多写作“湛”。“湛”、“沉”古代读音相同。这里用来形容“道”隐没于冥暗之中,不见形迹。

⑩似或存:似乎存在。连同上文“湛呵”,形容“道”若无若存。参见第十四章“无状之状,无物之象,是谓惚恍”等句,理解其意。

⑾象:似。