The use of what has no substantive existence

31 May 400BC2 min read

Chapter 11

The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends. Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.

第十一章

三十辐①共一毂②,当其无,有车之用③。埏埴以为器④,当其无,有器之用。凿户牖以为室⑤,当其无,有室之用。故有之以为利,无之以为用⑥。

译文

三十根辐条汇集到一根毂中的孔洞当中,有了车毂中空的地方,才有车的作用。揉和陶土做成器皿,有了器具中空的地方,才有器皿的作用。开凿门窗建造房屋,有了门窗四壁内的空虚部分,才有房屋的作用。所以,“有”给人便利,“无”发挥了它的作用。

注释

①辐:车轮中连接轴心和轮圈的木条,古时代的车轮由三十根辐条所构成。此数取法于每月三十日的历次。

②毂:音gu,是车轮中心的木制圆圈,中有圆孔,即插轴的地方。

③当其无,有车之用:有了车毂中空的地方,才有车的作用。"无"指毂的中间空的地方。

④埏植:埏,和;植,土。即和陶土做成供人饮食使用的器皿。

⑤户牖:门窗。

⑥有之以为利,无之以为用:"有"给人便利,"无"也发挥了作用。