The use of emptiness

27 May 400BC2 min read

Chapter 5

Heaven and earth do not act from (the impulse of) any wish to be benevolent; they deal with all things as the dogs of grass are dealt with. The sages do not act from (any wish to be) benevolent; they deal with the people as the dogs of grass are dealt with. May not the space between heaven and earth be compared to a bellows? 'Tis emptied, yet it loses not its power; 'Tis moved again, and sends forth air the more. Much speech to swift exhaustion lead we see; Your inner being guard, and keep it free.

第五章

天地不仁,以万物为刍狗①;圣人不仁,以百姓为刍狗。天地之间,其犹橐龠乎②?虚而不屈③,动而俞出④。多闻数穷⑤,不若守于中⑥。

译文

天地是无所谓仁慈的,它没有仁爱,对待万事万物就像对待刍狗一样,任凭万物自生自灭。圣人也是没有仁受的,也同样像刍狗那样对待百姓,任凭人们自作自息。天地之间,岂不像个风箱一样吗?它空虚而不枯竭,越鼓动风就越多,生生不息。政令繁多反而更加使人困惑,更行不通,不如保持虚静。

注释

①刍(chu)狗:用草扎成的狗。古代专用于祭祀之中,祭祀完毕,就把它扔掉或烧掉。比喻轻贱无用的东西。在本文中比喻:天地对万物,圣人对百姓都因不经意、不留心而任其自长自消,自生自灭。正如元代吴澄据说 :“刍狗,缚草为狗之形,祷雨所用也。既祷则弃之,无复有顾惜之意。天地无心于爱物,而任其自生自成;圣人无心于爱民,而任其自作自息,故以刍狗为喻。”

②犹橐龠(tuoyue):犹,比喻词,“如同”、“好象”的意思。橐龠:古代冶炼时为炉火鼓风用的助燃器具——袋囊和送风管,是古代的风箱。

③屈(gu):竭尽,穷尽。

④俞:通愈,更加的意思。

⑤多闻数穷:闻,见闻,知识。老子认为,见多识广,有了智慧,反而政令烦苛,破坏了天道。数:通“速”,是加快的意思。穷:困穷,穷尽到头,无路可行。

⑥守中:中,通冲,指内心的虚静。守中:守住虚静。